Who would have thought that a circuit comprising only two 2-input NAND gates could be so complicated (or, should we say, “interesting”)? Up to this point (click here to see my earlier columns), the ...

Ladder logic uses switch or relay contacts to implement Boolean expressions. In years past, ladder logic was made possible with discrete relays and was sometimes termed “relay logic.” Today most ...

In the early digital era, logic gates were made exclusively of transistors and discrete components. The obvious occupation of a large space and increased heat dissipation pushed technology to ...